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sqlglot.dialects.redshift

  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3import typing as t
  4
  5from sqlglot import exp, transforms
  6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  7    NormalizationStrategy,
  8    concat_to_dpipe_sql,
  9    concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
 10    date_delta_sql,
 11    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 12    json_extract_segments,
 13    no_tablesample_sql,
 14    rename_func,
 15    map_date_part,
 16)
 17from sqlglot.dialects.postgres import Postgres
 18from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
 19from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
 20from sqlglot.parser import build_convert_timezone
 21
 22if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
 23    from sqlglot._typing import E
 24
 25
 26def _build_date_delta(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 27    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 28        expr = expr_type(
 29            this=seq_get(args, 2),
 30            expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 31            unit=map_date_part(seq_get(args, 0)),
 32        )
 33        if expr_type is exp.TsOrDsAdd:
 34            expr.set("return_type", exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
 35
 36        return expr
 37
 38    return _builder
 39
 40
 41class Redshift(Postgres):
 42    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_names.html
 43    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 44
 45    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
 46    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
 47    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
 48    HEX_LOWERCASE = True
 49    HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = True
 50
 51    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS'"
 52    TIME_MAPPING = {
 53        **Postgres.TIME_MAPPING,
 54        "MON": "%b",
 55        "HH": "%H",
 56    }
 57
 58    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
 59        FUNCTIONS = {
 60            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 61            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
 62                this=seq_get(args, 0),
 63                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 64                unit=exp.var("month"),
 65                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
 66            ),
 67            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": lambda args: build_convert_timezone(args, "UTC"),
 68            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 69            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 70            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 71            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 72            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 73            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
 74            "SPLIT_TO_ARRAY": lambda args: exp.StringToArray(
 75                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(",")
 76            ),
 77            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
 78        }
 79
 80        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 81            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 82            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
 83            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, transaction=True),
 84        }
 85
 86        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
 87
 88        def _parse_table(
 89            self,
 90            schema: bool = False,
 91            joins: bool = False,
 92            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 93            parse_bracket: bool = False,
 94            is_db_reference: bool = False,
 95            parse_partition: bool = False,
 96        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 97            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
 98            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
 99            table = super()._parse_table(
100                schema=schema,
101                joins=joins,
102                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
103                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
104                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
105            )
106
107            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
108
109        def _parse_convert(
110            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
111        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
112            to = self._parse_types()
113            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
114            this = self._parse_bitwise()
115            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
116
117        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
118            index = self._index - 1
119            func = self._parse_function()
120
121            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
122                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
123            self._retreat(index)
124            return None
125
126    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
127        BIT_STRINGS = []
128        HEX_STRINGS = []
129        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
130
131        KEYWORDS = {
132            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
133            "(+)": TokenType.JOIN_MARKER,
134            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
135            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
136            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
137            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
138            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
139            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
140        }
141        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
142
143        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
144        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
145        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
146
147    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
148        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
149        QUERY_HINTS = False
150        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
151        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
152        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
153        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
154        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
155        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
156        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
157        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
158        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
159        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
160        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
161
162        # Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it
163        WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = " "
164
165        TYPE_MAPPING = {
166            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
167            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
168            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
169            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
170            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
171            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
172            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
173        }
174
175        TRANSFORMS = {
176            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
177            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CONCAT"),
178            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
179            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
180            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
181            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
182            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
183                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("transaction") else "GETDATE()"
184            ),
185            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
186            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
187            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
188            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
189            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
190            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
191            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
192            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
193            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
194            exp.Hex: lambda self, e: self.func("UPPER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.sql(e, "this"))),
195            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
196                [
197                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
198                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
199                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
200                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
201                ]
202            ),
203            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
204            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
205            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
206            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
207            exp.StringToArray: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_ARRAY"),
208            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
209            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
210            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
211            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
212            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
213        }
214
215        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
216        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
217
218        # Postgres doesn't support JSON_PARSE, but Redshift does
219        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ParseJSON)
220
221        # Redshift uses the POW | POWER (expr1, expr2) syntax instead of expr1 ^ expr2 (postgres)
222        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pow)
223
224        # Redshift supports these functions
225        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
226        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
227        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.SHA2)
228
229        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
230            "aes128",
231            "aes256",
232            "all",
233            "allowoverwrite",
234            "analyse",
235            "analyze",
236            "and",
237            "any",
238            "array",
239            "as",
240            "asc",
241            "authorization",
242            "az64",
243            "backup",
244            "between",
245            "binary",
246            "blanksasnull",
247            "both",
248            "bytedict",
249            "bzip2",
250            "case",
251            "cast",
252            "check",
253            "collate",
254            "column",
255            "constraint",
256            "create",
257            "credentials",
258            "cross",
259            "current_date",
260            "current_time",
261            "current_timestamp",
262            "current_user",
263            "current_user_id",
264            "default",
265            "deferrable",
266            "deflate",
267            "defrag",
268            "delta",
269            "delta32k",
270            "desc",
271            "disable",
272            "distinct",
273            "do",
274            "else",
275            "emptyasnull",
276            "enable",
277            "encode",
278            "encrypt     ",
279            "encryption",
280            "end",
281            "except",
282            "explicit",
283            "false",
284            "for",
285            "foreign",
286            "freeze",
287            "from",
288            "full",
289            "globaldict256",
290            "globaldict64k",
291            "grant",
292            "group",
293            "gzip",
294            "having",
295            "identity",
296            "ignore",
297            "ilike",
298            "in",
299            "initially",
300            "inner",
301            "intersect",
302            "interval",
303            "into",
304            "is",
305            "isnull",
306            "join",
307            "leading",
308            "left",
309            "like",
310            "limit",
311            "localtime",
312            "localtimestamp",
313            "lun",
314            "luns",
315            "lzo",
316            "lzop",
317            "minus",
318            "mostly16",
319            "mostly32",
320            "mostly8",
321            "natural",
322            "new",
323            "not",
324            "notnull",
325            "null",
326            "nulls",
327            "off",
328            "offline",
329            "offset",
330            "oid",
331            "old",
332            "on",
333            "only",
334            "open",
335            "or",
336            "order",
337            "outer",
338            "overlaps",
339            "parallel",
340            "partition",
341            "percent",
342            "permissions",
343            "pivot",
344            "placing",
345            "primary",
346            "raw",
347            "readratio",
348            "recover",
349            "references",
350            "rejectlog",
351            "resort",
352            "respect",
353            "restore",
354            "right",
355            "select",
356            "session_user",
357            "similar",
358            "snapshot",
359            "some",
360            "sysdate",
361            "system",
362            "table",
363            "tag",
364            "tdes",
365            "text255",
366            "text32k",
367            "then",
368            "timestamp",
369            "to",
370            "top",
371            "trailing",
372            "true",
373            "truncatecolumns",
374            "type",
375            "union",
376            "unique",
377            "unnest",
378            "unpivot",
379            "user",
380            "using",
381            "verbose",
382            "wallet",
383            "when",
384            "where",
385            "with",
386            "without",
387        }
388
389        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
390            args = expression.expressions
391            num_args = len(args)
392
393            if num_args > 1:
394                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
395                return ""
396
397            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
398            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
399            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
400
401        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
402            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
403                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
404                return self.sql(expression, "this")
405
406            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
407
408        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
409            """
410            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
411            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
412            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
413            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
414            """
415            if expression.is_type("text"):
416                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
417                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
418
419                if not precision:
420                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
421
422            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
423
424        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
425            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
426            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
427            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
428            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
429            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
430            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
431
432            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
433
434        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
435            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
436                return super().array_sql(expression)
437
438            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)
class Redshift(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres):
 42class Redshift(Postgres):
 43    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_names.html
 44    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 45
 46    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
 47    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
 48    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
 49    HEX_LOWERCASE = True
 50    HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = True
 51
 52    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS'"
 53    TIME_MAPPING = {
 54        **Postgres.TIME_MAPPING,
 55        "MON": "%b",
 56        "HH": "%H",
 57    }
 58
 59    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
 60        FUNCTIONS = {
 61            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 62            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
 63                this=seq_get(args, 0),
 64                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 65                unit=exp.var("month"),
 66                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
 67            ),
 68            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": lambda args: build_convert_timezone(args, "UTC"),
 69            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 70            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 71            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 72            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 73            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 74            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
 75            "SPLIT_TO_ARRAY": lambda args: exp.StringToArray(
 76                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(",")
 77            ),
 78            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
 79        }
 80
 81        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 82            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 83            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
 84            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, transaction=True),
 85        }
 86
 87        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
 88
 89        def _parse_table(
 90            self,
 91            schema: bool = False,
 92            joins: bool = False,
 93            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 94            parse_bracket: bool = False,
 95            is_db_reference: bool = False,
 96            parse_partition: bool = False,
 97        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 98            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
 99            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
100            table = super()._parse_table(
101                schema=schema,
102                joins=joins,
103                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
104                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
105                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
106            )
107
108            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
109
110        def _parse_convert(
111            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
112        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
113            to = self._parse_types()
114            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
115            this = self._parse_bitwise()
116            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
117
118        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
119            index = self._index - 1
120            func = self._parse_function()
121
122            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
123                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
124            self._retreat(index)
125            return None
126
127    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
128        BIT_STRINGS = []
129        HEX_STRINGS = []
130        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
131
132        KEYWORDS = {
133            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
134            "(+)": TokenType.JOIN_MARKER,
135            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
136            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
137            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
138            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
139            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
140            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
141        }
142        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
143
144        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
145        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
146        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
147
148    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
149        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
150        QUERY_HINTS = False
151        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
152        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
153        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
154        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
155        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
156        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
157        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
158        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
159        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
160        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
161        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
162
163        # Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it
164        WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = " "
165
166        TYPE_MAPPING = {
167            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
168            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
169            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
170            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
171            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
172            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
173            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
174        }
175
176        TRANSFORMS = {
177            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
178            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CONCAT"),
179            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
180            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
181            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
182            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
183            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
184                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("transaction") else "GETDATE()"
185            ),
186            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
187            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
188            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
189            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
190            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
191            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
192            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
193            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
194            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
195            exp.Hex: lambda self, e: self.func("UPPER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.sql(e, "this"))),
196            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
197                [
198                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
199                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
200                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
201                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
202                ]
203            ),
204            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
205            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
206            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
207            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
208            exp.StringToArray: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_ARRAY"),
209            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
210            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
211            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
212            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
213            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
214        }
215
216        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
217        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
218
219        # Postgres doesn't support JSON_PARSE, but Redshift does
220        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ParseJSON)
221
222        # Redshift uses the POW | POWER (expr1, expr2) syntax instead of expr1 ^ expr2 (postgres)
223        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pow)
224
225        # Redshift supports these functions
226        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
227        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
228        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.SHA2)
229
230        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
231            "aes128",
232            "aes256",
233            "all",
234            "allowoverwrite",
235            "analyse",
236            "analyze",
237            "and",
238            "any",
239            "array",
240            "as",
241            "asc",
242            "authorization",
243            "az64",
244            "backup",
245            "between",
246            "binary",
247            "blanksasnull",
248            "both",
249            "bytedict",
250            "bzip2",
251            "case",
252            "cast",
253            "check",
254            "collate",
255            "column",
256            "constraint",
257            "create",
258            "credentials",
259            "cross",
260            "current_date",
261            "current_time",
262            "current_timestamp",
263            "current_user",
264            "current_user_id",
265            "default",
266            "deferrable",
267            "deflate",
268            "defrag",
269            "delta",
270            "delta32k",
271            "desc",
272            "disable",
273            "distinct",
274            "do",
275            "else",
276            "emptyasnull",
277            "enable",
278            "encode",
279            "encrypt     ",
280            "encryption",
281            "end",
282            "except",
283            "explicit",
284            "false",
285            "for",
286            "foreign",
287            "freeze",
288            "from",
289            "full",
290            "globaldict256",
291            "globaldict64k",
292            "grant",
293            "group",
294            "gzip",
295            "having",
296            "identity",
297            "ignore",
298            "ilike",
299            "in",
300            "initially",
301            "inner",
302            "intersect",
303            "interval",
304            "into",
305            "is",
306            "isnull",
307            "join",
308            "leading",
309            "left",
310            "like",
311            "limit",
312            "localtime",
313            "localtimestamp",
314            "lun",
315            "luns",
316            "lzo",
317            "lzop",
318            "minus",
319            "mostly16",
320            "mostly32",
321            "mostly8",
322            "natural",
323            "new",
324            "not",
325            "notnull",
326            "null",
327            "nulls",
328            "off",
329            "offline",
330            "offset",
331            "oid",
332            "old",
333            "on",
334            "only",
335            "open",
336            "or",
337            "order",
338            "outer",
339            "overlaps",
340            "parallel",
341            "partition",
342            "percent",
343            "permissions",
344            "pivot",
345            "placing",
346            "primary",
347            "raw",
348            "readratio",
349            "recover",
350            "references",
351            "rejectlog",
352            "resort",
353            "respect",
354            "restore",
355            "right",
356            "select",
357            "session_user",
358            "similar",
359            "snapshot",
360            "some",
361            "sysdate",
362            "system",
363            "table",
364            "tag",
365            "tdes",
366            "text255",
367            "text32k",
368            "then",
369            "timestamp",
370            "to",
371            "top",
372            "trailing",
373            "true",
374            "truncatecolumns",
375            "type",
376            "union",
377            "unique",
378            "unnest",
379            "unpivot",
380            "user",
381            "using",
382            "verbose",
383            "wallet",
384            "when",
385            "where",
386            "with",
387            "without",
388        }
389
390        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
391            args = expression.expressions
392            num_args = len(args)
393
394            if num_args > 1:
395                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
396                return ""
397
398            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
399            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
400            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
401
402        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
403            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
404                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
405                return self.sql(expression, "this")
406
407            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
408
409        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
410            """
411            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
412            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
413            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
414            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
415            """
416            if expression.is_type("text"):
417                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
418                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
419
420                if not precision:
421                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
422
423            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
424
425        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
426            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
427            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
428            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
429            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
430            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
431            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
432
433            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
434
435        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
436            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
437                return super().array_sql(expression)
438
439            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)
NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

INDEX_OFFSET = 0

The base index offset for arrays.

COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False

Whether COPY statement parameters are separated by comma or whitespace

HEX_LOWERCASE = True

Whether the HEX function returns a lowercase hexadecimal string.

HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = True

Whether the ARRAY constructor is context-sensitive, i.e in Redshift ARRAY[1, 2, 3] != ARRAY(1, 2, 3) as the former is of type INT[] vs the latter which is SUPER

TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'AM': '%p', 'PM': '%p', 'D': '%u', 'DD': '%d', 'DDD': '%j', 'FMDD': '%-d', 'FMDDD': '%-j', 'FMHH12': '%-I', 'FMHH24': '%-H', 'FMMI': '%-M', 'FMMM': '%-m', 'FMSS': '%-S', 'HH12': '%I', 'HH24': '%H', 'MI': '%M', 'MM': '%m', 'OF': '%z', 'SS': '%S', 'TMDay': '%A', 'TMDy': '%a', 'TMMon': '%b', 'TMMonth': '%B', 'TZ': '%Z', 'US': '%f', 'WW': '%U', 'YY': '%y', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'MON': '%b', 'HH': '%H'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python strftime formats.

SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = True

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b', '\\\\': '\\'}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (\n) to its unescaped version ( ).

tokenizer_class = <class 'Redshift.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Redshift.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Redshift.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'A': {'M': {0: True}}, 'P': {'M': {0: True}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'A': {'M': {0: True}}, 'P': {'M': {0: True}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%p': 'PM', '%u': 'D', '%d': 'DD', '%j': 'DDD', '%-d': 'FMDD', '%-j': 'FMDDD', '%-I': 'FMHH12', '%-H': 'FMHH24', '%-M': 'FMMI', '%-m': 'FMMM', '%-S': 'FMSS', '%I': 'HH12', '%H': 'HH', '%M': 'MI', '%m': 'MM', '%z': 'OF', '%S': 'SS', '%A': 'TMDay', '%a': 'TMDy', '%b': 'MON', '%B': 'TMMonth', '%Z': 'TZ', '%f': 'US', '%U': 'WW', '%y': 'YY', '%Y': 'YYYY'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'p': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, '-': {'d': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'z': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'A': {0: True}, 'a': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'Z': {0: True}, 'f': {0: True}, 'U': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v', '\\': '\\\\'}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = "e'"
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
class Redshift.Parser(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Parser):
 59    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
 60        FUNCTIONS = {
 61            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 62            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
 63                this=seq_get(args, 0),
 64                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 65                unit=exp.var("month"),
 66                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
 67            ),
 68            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": lambda args: build_convert_timezone(args, "UTC"),
 69            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 70            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 71            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 72            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 73            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 74            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
 75            "SPLIT_TO_ARRAY": lambda args: exp.StringToArray(
 76                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(",")
 77            ),
 78            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
 79        }
 80
 81        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 82            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 83            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
 84            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, transaction=True),
 85        }
 86
 87        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
 88
 89        def _parse_table(
 90            self,
 91            schema: bool = False,
 92            joins: bool = False,
 93            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 94            parse_bracket: bool = False,
 95            is_db_reference: bool = False,
 96            parse_partition: bool = False,
 97        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 98            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
 99            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
100            table = super()._parse_table(
101                schema=schema,
102                joins=joins,
103                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
104                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
105                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
106            )
107
108            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
109
110        def _parse_convert(
111            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
112        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
113            to = self._parse_types()
114            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
115            this = self._parse_bitwise()
116            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
117
118        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
119            index = self._index - 1
120            func = self._parse_function()
121
122            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
123                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
124            self._retreat(index)
125            return None

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

Arguments:
  • error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
  • error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
  • max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_DIFF': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function build_timestamp_trunc>, 'DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXPLODING_GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GAP_FILL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <function _build_generate_series>, 'GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <function build_hex>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OBJECT_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function _build_regexp_replace>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'DIV': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'NOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'TO_DATE': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_to_timestamp>, 'SHA256': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA384': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA512': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATEADD': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'GETDATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'LISTAGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'SPLIT_TO_ARRAY': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRTOL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NEXT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'APPROXIMATE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSDATE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.parser.Parser
Parser
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
TYPE_TOKENS
SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
RESERVED_TOKENS
DB_CREATABLES
CREATABLES
ALTERABLES
INTERVAL_VARS
ALIAS_TOKENS
ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
TRIM_TYPES
FUNC_TOKENS
CONJUNCTION
ASSIGNMENT
DISJUNCTION
EQUALITY
COMPARISON
TERM
FACTOR
TIMES
TIMESTAMPS
SET_OPERATIONS
JOIN_METHODS
JOIN_SIDES
JOIN_KINDS
JOIN_HINTS
LAMBDAS
EXPRESSION_PARSERS
UNARY_PARSERS
STRING_PARSERS
NUMERIC_PARSERS
PRIMARY_PARSERS
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
ALTER_PARSERS
ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
SET_PARSERS
SHOW_PARSERS
TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
TYPE_CONVERTERS
DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
TRANSACTION_KIND
TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
CONFLICT_ACTIONS
CREATE_SEQUENCE
ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
USABLES
CAST_ACTIONS
SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
CLONE_KEYWORDS
HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
WINDOW_SIDES
JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
FETCH_TOKENS
ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
DISTINCT_TOKENS
NULL_TOKENS
UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
SELECT_START_TOKENS
COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
STRICT_CAST
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
TABLESAMPLE_CSV
DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
STRING_ALIASES
MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
SET_OP_MODIFIERS
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
INTERVAL_SPANS
SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
error_level
error_message_context
max_errors
dialect
reset
parse
parse_into
check_errors
raise_error
expression
validate_expression
errors
sql
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Parser
PROPERTY_PARSERS
FUNCTION_PARSERS
BITWISE
EXPONENT
RANGE_PARSERS
STATEMENT_PARSERS
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
COLUMN_OPERATORS
class Redshift.Tokenizer(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Tokenizer):
127    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
128        BIT_STRINGS = []
129        HEX_STRINGS = []
130        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
131
132        KEYWORDS = {
133            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
134            "(+)": TokenType.JOIN_MARKER,
135            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
136            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
137            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
138            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
139            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
140            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
141        }
142        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
143
144        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
145        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
146        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
BIT_STRINGS = []
HEX_STRINGS = []
STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\', "'"]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, '~': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, '@@': <TokenType.DAT: 'DAT'>, '@>': <TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>, '<@': <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>, '|/': <TokenType.PIPE_SLASH: 'PIPE_SLASH'>, '||/': <TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH: 'DPIPE_SLASH'>, 'BEGIN TRANSACTION': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BIGSERIAL': <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'CONSTRAINT TRIGGER': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CSTRING': <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'DO': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXEC': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'HSTORE': <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, 'MONEY': <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, 'NAME': <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, 'OID': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'OPERATOR': <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, 'REFRESH': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REINDEX': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'RESET': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REVOKE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'SERIAL': <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, 'SMALLSERIAL': <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, 'REGCLASS': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCOLLATION': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCONFIG': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGDICTIONARY': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGNAMESPACE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPER': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPERATOR': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROC': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROCEDURE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGROLE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGTYPE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, '(+)': <TokenType.JOIN_MARKER: 'JOIN_MARKER'>, 'HLLSKETCH': <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, 'MINUS': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'SUPER': <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, 'UNLOAD': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VARBYTE': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING: 'HEREDOC_STRING'>}
class Redshift.Generator(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Generator):
148    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
149        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
150        QUERY_HINTS = False
151        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
152        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
153        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
154        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
155        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
156        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
157        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
158        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
159        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
160        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
161        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
162
163        # Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it
164        WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = " "
165
166        TYPE_MAPPING = {
167            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
168            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
169            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
170            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
171            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
172            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
173            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
174        }
175
176        TRANSFORMS = {
177            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
178            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CONCAT"),
179            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
180            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
181            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
182            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
183            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
184                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("transaction") else "GETDATE()"
185            ),
186            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
187            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
188            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
189            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
190            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
191            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
192            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
193            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
194            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
195            exp.Hex: lambda self, e: self.func("UPPER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.sql(e, "this"))),
196            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
197                [
198                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
199                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
200                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
201                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
202                ]
203            ),
204            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
205            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
206            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
207            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
208            exp.StringToArray: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_ARRAY"),
209            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
210            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
211            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
212            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
213            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
214        }
215
216        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
217        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
218
219        # Postgres doesn't support JSON_PARSE, but Redshift does
220        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ParseJSON)
221
222        # Redshift uses the POW | POWER (expr1, expr2) syntax instead of expr1 ^ expr2 (postgres)
223        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pow)
224
225        # Redshift supports these functions
226        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
227        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
228        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.SHA2)
229
230        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
231            "aes128",
232            "aes256",
233            "all",
234            "allowoverwrite",
235            "analyse",
236            "analyze",
237            "and",
238            "any",
239            "array",
240            "as",
241            "asc",
242            "authorization",
243            "az64",
244            "backup",
245            "between",
246            "binary",
247            "blanksasnull",
248            "both",
249            "bytedict",
250            "bzip2",
251            "case",
252            "cast",
253            "check",
254            "collate",
255            "column",
256            "constraint",
257            "create",
258            "credentials",
259            "cross",
260            "current_date",
261            "current_time",
262            "current_timestamp",
263            "current_user",
264            "current_user_id",
265            "default",
266            "deferrable",
267            "deflate",
268            "defrag",
269            "delta",
270            "delta32k",
271            "desc",
272            "disable",
273            "distinct",
274            "do",
275            "else",
276            "emptyasnull",
277            "enable",
278            "encode",
279            "encrypt     ",
280            "encryption",
281            "end",
282            "except",
283            "explicit",
284            "false",
285            "for",
286            "foreign",
287            "freeze",
288            "from",
289            "full",
290            "globaldict256",
291            "globaldict64k",
292            "grant",
293            "group",
294            "gzip",
295            "having",
296            "identity",
297            "ignore",
298            "ilike",
299            "in",
300            "initially",
301            "inner",
302            "intersect",
303            "interval",
304            "into",
305            "is",
306            "isnull",
307            "join",
308            "leading",
309            "left",
310            "like",
311            "limit",
312            "localtime",
313            "localtimestamp",
314            "lun",
315            "luns",
316            "lzo",
317            "lzop",
318            "minus",
319            "mostly16",
320            "mostly32",
321            "mostly8",
322            "natural",
323            "new",
324            "not",
325            "notnull",
326            "null",
327            "nulls",
328            "off",
329            "offline",
330            "offset",
331            "oid",
332            "old",
333            "on",
334            "only",
335            "open",
336            "or",
337            "order",
338            "outer",
339            "overlaps",
340            "parallel",
341            "partition",
342            "percent",
343            "permissions",
344            "pivot",
345            "placing",
346            "primary",
347            "raw",
348            "readratio",
349            "recover",
350            "references",
351            "rejectlog",
352            "resort",
353            "respect",
354            "restore",
355            "right",
356            "select",
357            "session_user",
358            "similar",
359            "snapshot",
360            "some",
361            "sysdate",
362            "system",
363            "table",
364            "tag",
365            "tdes",
366            "text255",
367            "text32k",
368            "then",
369            "timestamp",
370            "to",
371            "top",
372            "trailing",
373            "true",
374            "truncatecolumns",
375            "type",
376            "union",
377            "unique",
378            "unnest",
379            "unpivot",
380            "user",
381            "using",
382            "verbose",
383            "wallet",
384            "when",
385            "where",
386            "with",
387            "without",
388        }
389
390        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
391            args = expression.expressions
392            num_args = len(args)
393
394            if num_args > 1:
395                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
396                return ""
397
398            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
399            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
400            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
401
402        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
403            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
404                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
405                return self.sql(expression, "this")
406
407            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
408
409        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
410            """
411            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
412            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
413            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
414            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
415            """
416            if expression.is_type("text"):
417                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
418                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
419
420                if not precision:
421                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
422
423            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
424
425        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
426            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
427            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
428            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
429            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
430            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
431            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
432
433            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
434
435        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
436            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
437                return super().array_sql(expression)
438
439            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

Arguments:
  • pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
  • identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
  • normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
  • pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
  • indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a WHERE clause. Default: 2.
  • normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
  • unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
  • max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
  • leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
  • max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
  • comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
HEX_FUNC = 'TO_HEX'
PARSE_JSON_NAME = 'JSON_PARSE'
ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = ' '
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: 'SMALLINT', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'DOUBLE PRECISION', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INTEGER', <Type.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>: 'TIME', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function json_path_key_only_name>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TagColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function filter_array_using_unnest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function no_paren_current_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function json_extract_segments.<locals>._json_extract_segments>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function json_extract_segments.<locals>._json_extract_segments>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>: <function no_map_from_entries_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Merge'>: <function merge_without_target_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function str_position_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>: <function struct_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>: <function _substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function trim_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function no_trycast_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>: <function concat_to_dpipe_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>: <function concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint'>: <function generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TableSample'>: <function no_tablesample_sql>}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'deflate', 'system', 'wallet', 'without', 'with', 'null', 'initially', 'delta32k', 'open', 'luns', 'parallel', 'analyze', 'restore', 'disable', 'table', 'do', 'recover', 'localtime', 'right', 'similar', 'to', 'bzip2', 'old', 'is', 'references', 'end', 'freeze', 'inner', 'top', 'full', 'partition', 'pivot', 'any', 'ilike', 'interval', 'tag', 'deferrable', 'credentials', 'collate', 'false', 'rejectlog', 'explicit', 'respect', 'delta', 'aes256', 'into', 'truncatecolumns', 'raw', 'snapshot', 'not', 'cross', 'globaldict256', 'offline', 'outer', 'mostly8', 'or', 'as', 'when', 'resort', 'all', 'using', 'primary', 'backup', 'text32k', 'constraint', 'current_user', 'unique', 'between', 'leading', 'analyse', 'group', 'globaldict64k', 'mostly16', 'except', 'new', 'minus', 'order', 'timestamp', 'unnest', 'current_user_id', 'placing', 'join', 'both', 'notnull', 'grant', 'type', 'identity', 'isnull', 'permissions', 'array', 'column', 'encode', 'like', 'having', 'gzip', 'percent', 'az64', 'true', 'unpivot', 'lzo', 'emptyasnull', 'verbose', 'left', 'encryption', 'cast', 'create', 'then', 'blanksasnull', 'else', 'distinct', 'enable', 'allowoverwrite', 'tdes', 'union', 'bytedict', 'ignore', 'natural', 'user', 'current_time', 'localtimestamp', 'trailing', 'current_timestamp', 'defrag', 'mostly32', 'from', 'nulls', 'overlaps', 'lun', 'select', 'binary', 'lzop', 'case', 'foreign', 'offset', 'readratio', 'and', 'only', 'on', 'oid', 'text255', 'limit', 'current_date', 'off', 'aes128', 'authorization', 'check', 'sysdate', 'desc', 'asc', 'where', 'encrypt ', 'in', 'default', 'for', 'intersect', 'session_user', 'some'}
def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str:
390        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
391            args = expression.expressions
392            num_args = len(args)
393
394            if num_args > 1:
395                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
396                return ""
397
398            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
399            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
400            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
def cast_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cast, safe_prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
402        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
403            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
404                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
405                return self.sql(expression, "this")
406
407            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
def datatype_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DataType) -> str:
409        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
410            """
411            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
412            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
413            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
414            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
415            """
416            if expression.is_type("text"):
417                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
418                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
419
420                if not precision:
421                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
422
423            return super().datatype_sql(expression)

Redshift converts the TEXT data type to VARCHAR(255) by default when people more generally mean VARCHAR of max length which is VARCHAR(max) in Redshift. Therefore if we get a TEXT data type without precision we convert it to VARCHAR(max) and if it does have precision then we just convert TEXT to VARCHAR.

def alterset_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AlterSet) -> str:
425        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
426            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
427            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
428            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
429            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
430            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
431            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
432
433            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
def array_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str:
435        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
436            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
437                return super().array_sql(expression)
438
439            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)
SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.generator.Generator
Generator
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
EXPLICIT_SET_OP
WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
LIMIT_FETCH
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
GROUPINGS_SEP
INDEX_ON
QUERY_HINT_SEP
IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
LIMIT_IS_TOP
RETURNING_END
EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
COLLATE_IS_FUNC
DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
ENSURE_BOOLS
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
INSERT_OVERWRITE
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER
SET_OP_MODIFIERS
COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
STAR_EXCEPT
QUOTE_JSON_PATH
PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED
SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
TIME_PART_SINGULARS
TOKEN_MAPPING
STRUCT_DELIMITER
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
pretty
identify
normalize
pad
unsupported_level
max_unsupported
leading_comma
max_text_width
comments
dialect
normalize_functions
unsupported_messages
generate
preprocess
unsupported
sep
seg
pad_comment
maybe_comment
wrap
no_identify
normalize_func
indent
sql
uncache_sql
cache_sql
characterset_sql
column_parts
column_sql
columnposition_sql
columndef_sql
columnconstraint_sql
computedcolumnconstraint_sql
autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
compresscolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
transformcolumnconstraint_sql
primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
createable_sql
create_sql
sequenceproperties_sql
clone_sql
describe_sql
heredoc_sql
prepend_ctes
with_sql
cte_sql
tablealias_sql
bitstring_sql
hexstring_sql
bytestring_sql
unicodestring_sql
rawstring_sql
datatypeparam_sql
directory_sql
delete_sql
drop_sql
except_sql
except_op
fetch_sql
filter_sql
hint_sql
indexparameters_sql
index_sql
identifier_sql
hex_sql
lowerhex_sql
inputoutputformat_sql
national_sql
partition_sql
properties_sql
root_properties
properties
with_properties
locate_properties
property_name
property_sql
likeproperty_sql
fallbackproperty_sql
journalproperty_sql
freespaceproperty_sql
checksumproperty_sql
mergeblockratioproperty_sql
datablocksizeproperty_sql
blockcompressionproperty_sql
isolatedloadingproperty_sql
partitionboundspec_sql
partitionedofproperty_sql
lockingproperty_sql
withdataproperty_sql
withsystemversioningproperty_sql
insert_sql
intersect_sql
intersect_op
introducer_sql
kill_sql
pseudotype_sql
objectidentifier_sql
onconflict_sql
returning_sql
rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
withtablehint_sql
indextablehint_sql
historicaldata_sql
table_parts
table_sql
tablesample_sql
pivot_sql
version_sql
tuple_sql
update_sql
values_sql
var_sql
into_sql
from_sql
group_sql
having_sql
connect_sql
prior_sql
join_sql
lambda_sql
lateral_op
lateral_sql
limit_sql
offset_sql
setitem_sql
set_sql
pragma_sql
lock_sql
literal_sql
escape_str
loaddata_sql
null_sql
boolean_sql
order_sql
withfill_sql
cluster_sql
distribute_sql
sort_sql
ordered_sql
matchrecognizemeasure_sql
matchrecognize_sql
query_modifiers
options_modifier
queryoption_sql
offset_limit_modifiers
after_limit_modifiers
select_sql
schema_sql
schema_columns_sql
star_sql
parameter_sql
sessionparameter_sql
placeholder_sql
subquery_sql
qualify_sql
set_operations
union_sql
union_op
prewhere_sql
where_sql
window_sql
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windowspec_sql
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between_sql
bracket_offset_expressions
all_sql
any_sql
exists_sql
case_sql
constraint_sql
nextvaluefor_sql
extract_sql
trim_sql
convert_concat_args
concat_sql
concatws_sql
check_sql
foreignkey_sql
primarykey_sql
if_sql
jsonkeyvalue_sql
jsonpath_sql
json_path_part
formatjson_sql
jsonobject_sql
jsonobjectagg_sql
jsonarray_sql
jsonarrayagg_sql
jsoncolumndef_sql
jsonschema_sql
jsontable_sql
openjsoncolumndef_sql
openjson_sql
in_sql
in_unnest_op
interval_sql
return_sql
reference_sql
anonymous_sql
paren_sql
neg_sql
not_sql
alias_sql
pivotalias_sql
aliases_sql
atindex_sql
attimezone_sql
fromtimezone_sql
add_sql
and_sql
or_sql
xor_sql
connector_sql
bitwiseand_sql
bitwiseleftshift_sql
bitwisenot_sql
bitwiseor_sql
bitwiserightshift_sql
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currentdate_sql
collate_sql
command_sql
comment_sql
mergetreettlaction_sql
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transaction_sql
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alter_sql
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ignorenulls_sql
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intdiv_sql
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binary
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func
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joinhint_sql
kwarg_sql
when_sql
merge_sql
tochar_sql
tonumber_sql
dictproperty_sql
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oncluster_sql
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anyvalue_sql
querytransform_sql
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checkcolumnconstraint_sql
indexcolumnconstraint_sql
nvl2_sql
comprehension_sql
columnprefix_sql
opclass_sql
predict_sql
forin_sql
refresh_sql
operator_sql
toarray_sql
tsordstotime_sql
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tsordstodate_sql
unixdate_sql
lastday_sql
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struct_sql
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copyparameter_sql
credentials_sql
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semicolon_sql
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scope_resolution
scoperesolution_sql
parsejson_sql
rand_sql
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pad_sql
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explodinggenerateseries_sql
arrayconcat_sql
converttimezone_sql
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Generator
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
JOIN_HINTS
TABLE_HINTS
PARAMETER_TOKEN
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS
PROPERTIES_LOCATION
schemacommentproperty_sql
commentcolumnconstraint_sql
bracket_sql
matchagainst_sql