# 9 SWIG and C++17

- Introduction
- Core language changes
  - Nested namespace definitions
  - UTF-8 character literals
  - Hexadecimal floating literals
  - Fold expressions
  - Pack expansion in using-declaration
  - Class template argument deduction
  - User-defined deduction guides
- Standard library changes

## 9.1 Introduction

This chapter gives you a brief overview about the SWIG implementation of the C++17 standard. There isn't much in C++17 that affects SWIG, however, work has only just begun on adding C++17 support.

Compatibility note: SWIG-4.0.0 is the first version to support any C++17 features.

## 9.2 Core language changes

### 9.2.1 Nested namespace definitions

C++17 offers a more concise syntax for defining namespaces. SWIG has support for nested namespace definitions such as:

    namespace A::B::C {
      ...
    }

This is the equivalent to the C++98 namespace definitions:

    namespace A {
      namespace B {
        namespace C {
          ...
        }
      }
    }

### 9.2.2 UTF-8 character literals

C++17 added UTF-8 (u8) character literals. These are of type char. Example:

    char a = u8'a';

### 9.2.3 Hexadecimal floating literals

C++17 added hexadecimal floating literals. For example:

    double f = 0xF.68p2;

### 9.2.4 Fold expressions

C++17 added template fold expressions. SWIG 4.3.0 and later support parsing these with a few restrictions. Unary left fold expressions are not supported currently. Also the same restrictions that apply to other expressions apply here too.

### 9.2.5 Pack expansion in using-declaration

C++17 extended the using-declaration so a single statement can bring all the names of a template parameter pack into scope. This generalises the C++11 mixin form, which inherits a member through one type-template parameter base, to an arbitrary number of bases. The common use is the Overloaded helper that merges the `operator()` of several functor types into one overload set:

    template <typename... Ts>
    struct Overloaded : Ts... {
        using Ts::operator()...;   // C++17: pull in every base's operator()
    };

For two concrete types this is the same as writing out each base and using-declaration by hand:

    template <typename I, typename D>
    struct Overloaded : I, D {
        using I::operator();
        using D::operator();
    };

SWIG expands the pack during `%template` instantiation into one concrete using-declaration per base type, exactly as if the explicit form above had been written. Pair that with a `%rename` to turn `operator()` into an ordinary identifier and the instantiated proxy gains a single overloaded method that dispatches by argument type to the matching base:

    %include <std_string.i>

    %rename(call) *::operator();

    %inline %{
    #include <string>

    struct IntCase    { std::string operator()(int v)    const { return "Int:" + std::to_string(v); } };
    struct DoubleCase { std::string operator()(double v) const { return "Double:" + std::to_string(v); } };

    template <typename... Ts>
    struct Overloaded : Ts... {
        using Ts::operator()...;
    };
    %}

    %template(OverloadedIntDouble) Overloaded<IntCase, DoubleCase>;

From the target language the merged overload set is reached through the renamed method, with the usual SWIG overload dispatch selecting the right base:

    ov = OverloadedIntDouble()
    print(ov.call(7))     # "Int:7"
    print(ov.call(2.5))   # "Double:2.500000"

In C++ this helper is typically passed to `std::visit` over a `std::variant`, but that is a purely C++ side detail - the wrapped proxy simply exposes the overloaded method. An empty pack (for example `%template(OverloadedEmpty) Overloaded<>`) introduces no names, so the proxy has no such method.

Compatibility note: SWIG-4.5.0 is the first version to parse pack expansion in a using-declaration and to expand it during `%template` instantiation.

### 9.2.6 Class template argument deduction

Class template argument deduction (CTAD) lets a variable be declared with a bare class template name, the template arguments being deduced from the initializer. The deduction uses guides synthesised from the class's constructors, so a class template with a constructor can be used like:

    %inline %{
    template <typename T>
    struct Box {
        T value;
        Box(T v) : value(v) {}
    };

    Box bx{42};   // C++17 CTAD - deduces Box<int> from the constructor
    %}

CTAD is only valid when declaring a variable, so this is the only kind of declaration affected. SWIG performs no template argument deduction, so it cannot work out the deduced type. It issues Warning 347 and skips the variable; other declarations are unaffected:

    example.i:8: Warning 347: Unable to deduce class template arguments for variable 'bx' of type 'Box' (ignored).

C++20 extended CTAD to aggregates; see Class template argument deduction in the C++20 chapter.

Compatibility note: SWIG-4.5.0 is the first version to skip a CTAD variable declaration cleanly; earlier versions generated uncompilable wrapper code that named the template without arguments.

### 9.2.7 User-defined deduction guides

As well as the deduction guides the compiler synthesises from a class's constructors, a program can declare its own user-defined deduction guides to steer class template argument deduction. A guide is written at the same scope as the class template, either as a non-template declaration or, when itself a template, under a template parameter list:

    %inline %{
    template <typename T>
    struct Box {
        T value;
        Box(T v) : value(v) {}
    };

    Box(int) -> Box<int>;                      // non-template deduction guide
    template <typename T> Box(T *) -> Box<T>;  // templated deduction guide
    explicit Box(int, int) -> Box<int>;        // explicit deduction guide
    %}

A deduction guide is not a function: it has no body and emits no symbol, and only steers argument deduction at compile time. There is therefore nothing for SWIG to wrap, so it parses the guide and discards it. A guide may carry the optional `explicit` specifier, which is also accepted.

Compatibility note: SWIG-4.5.0 is the first version to parse user-defined deduction guides; earlier versions reported a syntax error.

## 9.3 Standard library changes